Mizo Literary Criticism (Development)

Development of Mizo Literary Criticism

Heti hian an sawi ṭhin, Literature chuan hringnun min hriatthiamtir a, Criticism erawh chuan Literature hi eng nge tih min kawhhmuh a ni tiin. A hmasain Criticism kan sawi dawn avangin ‘Criticism’ hi eng nge ni (?) tih tawi tein sawi hmasak phawt a ṭha awm e. A chhan chu chu mi eng aṭang zel chuan kan Mizo Thuhlarila ‘Fakselna’ rawn ṭhan chhoh dan leh mi hmasate kutchhuak hlutna kan teh dawn vang a ni.

Kan chin phar dawn chuan thui tak kual theihna a nih avangin a tawi thei ang berin han sawi ila, ‘Criticism chu mi thuziak chîk tak leh awmze neia thlirna hi a ni,’ tiin a sawi theih ang. A tawi zawngin, ‘Fakselna’ ti ila a fiahzo chiah lo anga mah se nakin zel atan  a ṭhat ber a rinawm. Aristotle-a hunah awmze neiin bul ṭan a lo ni tawh a, chu chu B.C. 335 aṭanga B.C. 324 inkar vela chhuak daih tawh kha a ni. Ani hian Plato-a’n hla phuahtute a chhawrpial rûn aṭanga a hnawl chu a rawn hnial a ni. Keimahni huang chhung bik chhui tur kan nih avangin kan kual thui lo vang. A tifiah turin Criticism chungchanga T.S. Elliot-a ngaihdan hi tarlang ila a ṭha awm e, “Mi thu leh hla ziaka chhuia ziak vêka a ṭhatna leh ṭhat lohna laite tarlana ngaihdan kan siam zui ve hi a ni.” ¹ Tin, mi thu leh hla chinna ringawt hi Criticism a ni lo tih kan hriatreng a ṭha khawp bawk mai. Criticism ṭantu hmasa ber Plato-a thu hnial a, ngaihdan dang rawn vawrhtu Aristotle-a chuan Criticism chu tawitein, “Uluk taka thu tih-tlûkna (a standard of judging well),”² tiin a lo hrilhfiah a ni. “Mi thuziak ngun taka bih chianga thutlûkna fing taka siam,” tih hi he criticism bul lo inṭanna krisis emaw kritiko tih pawhin a tum ber a ni.³

Mizo Criticism ṭobul.

            Kum 1912 khan Bible, Thuthlung Thar-bua Chanchin Ṭha an lehlin tharnaah lehlin hmasak chu a ṭhat tawk lohna laite Thuhmahruai-ah an dah a, hei hi thu thlitfimna lam hawi kan hmuh hmasak berah a ngaih theih ang.⁴ Awmze nei leh ril tak erawh a ni lo va, a bul hrim hrim kan sawi erawh chuan heti lam hawi kan hmuh hmasak ber tia chhal ngam tur chu a ni ve thei mai awm e.

Thuhlaril khawi huangah pawh hian ngaihdan leh pawm dan hi a inang diak diak thei lo fo va, a dik zawk erawh a awm ṭhin. Mizo Criticism pawh hi eng tikah nge ṭan a nih tih thu-ah ngaihdan pahnih pathum lai a awm a. Mi tam takin Father of Mizo Criticism nihna an pek Prof. Siamkima chuan,“Book review Mizo ṭawnga ziak kan chin tak hi Mizo Zirlai pawl Chanchinbu Editor ka nih lai, kum 1973 aṭanga ka tih ṭan a ni a; R.Vanlawma lehkhabu Ka Ram leh Kei tih review article ka ziak MZP Chanchinbu, January, 1973-a ka chhuah chu, ka hriat sual loh chuan, Mizo ṭawnga book review ziak hmasa ber a ni. ”5tiin a lehkhabu, Zalenna Ram bu-ah a sawi a. A ziah chhan heti hian a sawi bawk, “Ka ziakna chhan ber leh, tun hnûah Thu leh Hla chanchinbua ka chhunzawm duhna chhan pawh kan ṭawnga literary criticism tihchhuah ka duh vang leh, literature lamah hmasawnna a nih ka beisei vang a ni a, mi lehkhabu ziak a ṭhat lohna lai zawna a tui tla lo thei ang ber zawnga sawi tumna a ni lo,”⁶ tiin. Ani hi chuan book review a ziah khi a hnuaia a chhunzawmna a ziah aṭang hian Mizo literary criticism bul ṭannaah a ngai a tih theih ang. Book review hi Criticism peng pakhat a nih avangin hei hi awmze nei deuha Mizo Criticism bul ṭannaah mi tam tak chuan an ngai ta reng a, amah heti lama a khaipa ber chan chang a lo ni bawk nen mi tam tak chuan a ngaihdan hi an pawmpui rêng a ni. Mahse, hei hiProf. Laltluangliana Khiangte chuan a pawm lo.  Siamkima hian, “Ka hriat sual loh chuan,” a tih hi a hre sual ta a ni ngei ang.

Book review Chungchang

Book review hrim hrim hi han thlûr hmasa lawk ila. Kum 1972 aṭanga chhuah ṭan Didakhe issue hmasa ber January - March aṭang khan Rev.Beiseia chuan ‘Book Review’ tih huang siamin a lo buaipui tawh a, a lehkhabu review hmasak ber chu ‘Kristian Chhungkua’ tih Leslie & Winifred Brown ziak, H.K.L. Thanga leh Rev. C. Pazâwna-te lehlin leh ‘Kohhran pianhmang leh a kohna’ Rev. William Steward ziah, Rev. P.D. Sena lehlin a ni nghe nghe.⁷ Ani hian lehkhabu eng emaw zat chu Didakhe-ah hian a lo review ve tawh a ni. Heng a review nate hi Synod Archive-ah hmuh theihin vawn ṭhat vek a la ni a, a lan dan maiah chuan Pu Siamkima ai hian kum khat laiin Rev. Beiseia hian bul a lo ṭan hmasa tawh a ni. Comparative Criticism lama mi chungchuang Pu Siamkima hian he thil hi a hre duh lo lui nge book review a tling lo tiin a hnawl tih hi zawhna chhan mai theih loh awm ta chu a ni. Bawlhhlawh bawmah a hmasa bik (Didakhe a mi) hi chu a paih a ni awm mang e tih turin heti hian a sawizui,“Didakhe-in Book Review a lo tih ṭan ve tâk khan lehkhabu thar zawrhna leh sawi mawina ang deuh maiin an ziak ṭhin a..”⁷ tiin. A aia hnuhnung zawkah a ngaih mai piah lamah an lo tih vete pawh chu lehkhabu thar zawrhna leh sawi mawina chauhah a chhuah fel der mai a ni. Hei hi thil mak tak a ni. Tin, Didakhe hi thlakip chhuak tiin Prof. Laltluangliana Khiangte chuan Mizo Thuziak Thlanchhuahte buah a ziak a, thla thum dana chhuak (quarterly journal) zawk a ni.

He Book review hmasa ber hi lo bih chiang lawk teh ang. Kristian Chhungkua bik hi chuan phek khat pawh a daih meuh lo. Tunlai thlirna aṭanga kan thlir dawn a nih chuan a bûk a zang viau thei ang. Sawiselna lam hawi a awm lo va, he  book reviewhmasa berah hian fakna thu erawh kan hmu. Rev. Beiseia hian a ziaktu chanchinin (biographical) bul a ṭan a, chu mi zawhah a chhûnga thu awm hlawm lian deuhte a tarlang leh a. A paragraph thumnaah chuan a bu a hmuh dan a sawi ta thung a, “A bu a len tawk loh avangin kan hriat duh apiang kan hmu lovang tih hria ila. Mahse he lehkhabu ka fakna ber chu hetiang lehkhabu bei tham têah hian kan tana mamawh tlângpui a leng vek thei hi a ni.”⁸ He thu hian kawng a bovah kei chuan ka ngai thei lo. Kan phâk tawk a hniam a ni ve maiah ka ngai a, khatih hunlai khawvel thlîr sia tunlai taka va teh zel hi kan tihtur ni pawhin ka hre lo. Mi sawiselna ringawt hi critic tihtur a ni lo tih kan sawi fo va, tin, tunlai ang lo takin he thuziakah hi chuan a chhiar tawhte ni lovin a la chhiar loten eng angin nge an hmuh ang a, eng tianga ṭha nge tih an hriat theihna tura kawhhmuhna lam hawi kan hmu a. A tlangpui sawi ringawt a ni lo va, a chhiar vek tawh hnuah he review hi a ziak tih a lang bawk, “A bu chhung khawilai mah hi kilkhawr lutuk leh ṭangkai mang lo kan tih tur ang chi a awm lo, chu vangin a bu hi pan deuh mah se i ṭangkaipui hle ang,”⁹ a lo ti daih zawk a, a bu len leh chhah ringawt hian lehkhabu ṭhat leh ṭhat loh a hril ber lo tih a sawi daih tawh a ni.

A bul ṭantu tak chu tu nge

Tuna la dam laiah chuan kan thu leh hla fakselna kawnga rintlak ber pawla mi tam takin an ngaih, awmze nei leh duhtuina thu pawh uluk deuh taka chhâkchhuak ṭhin C. Lalsiamthanga chuan Pastor Vanchhunga ziak, ‘Lusei Leh A Vela Hnamdangte Chanchin’ tiha kan pi pute hla chungchang a sawina a, “A ni tak e, hla phuah ṭanna hi mihring rilru tidangphuttu a awm hun hi a ni fo reng a ni. Hla hi thu par a ni, thu aia thu,”¹⁰ tih hi bul ṭanna niin a hria a, “Mizo thu leh hlaa duhtuina (Criticism) chhuitute hian kan palzût ngam dawn em ni?”¹¹ a ti hial a ni. He fakselna (Criticism) thu a sawi zuinaah William Wordsworth-a’n , ‘the overflow of powerful feelings,’ a tih te chu thur chhuakin, ‘mihring rilru tidangphuttu’¹² tih chu a hniam bik lo tih a sawi a, a hnuai leh deuhah phei chuan, “Heng hian Aristotle-a, man in action chu a fun tlat a ni,”¹⁴ a ti bawk. Ani hi chuan îhe  lovin Pastor Vanchhunga thuziak hi kan bul ṭannaah a pawm a ni ti ila a dik thei ang, a chhan kan la sawi ang. Hei hi kum 1954 niin a sawi.

Mahse, he mi kum thovah hian Zikpuii pa chuan Lushai Literature tih article a lo ziak ve tho mai a. He ta Zikpuii pa thuziak hi duhtuina lam hawi thuziak kan neih zingah chuan vawiin thleng pawh hian a ṭha pawl a la ni phâk hialin a rinawm a, tunlai mithiamte hian tihtur an la ngah zia a lang chiang hle nghe nghe awm e. A bul ṭantu chungchang hi kan teh dan azirin a inang lo zung mai dawn niin a lang a. Kan sawi tawh angin tuna kan sawi lai ni lo pawh hi pawihte thinthawk tur an sawi ang maiin a ding rum ngal mai bawk a, a hmasa nih hi kan mi hmasate pahnih pawh khan an lo inchuh niin a lang ta tlat a ni!

Tin, kan sawi hmaih loh tur chu C. Lalsiamthanga hi chuan a hun a inan avangin a hmasa ber tih tur zâwng chuan thu a vaw thla ngam meuh thung lo va. “A hun aṭang chuan bul ṭantu thu chu sawifel chi niin a lang lo a,”¹⁵ a ti leh lawi a. Buk lung a khai then ta thung heti hian, “Tun hnua he thu leh hla ṭhuang zirtute tana hu a neih leh note a hrin tam lam aṭanga teh chhuah a ṭha mai thei e. Zikpuii Pa article pahnih ai hi chuan, Pastor Vanchhunga hla thlirna hian zir tur pai hnem zawk chuan a lang,”¹⁶ tiin a thutlukna a puang chhuak a. He mi thu bik hi a hranpaa chhui ngai a nih avangin kan kal thui pui thei lovang a, mahse a buk lung khai uaifual tirna lam erawh hi chu za-ah za chuan a dik thei lo vang. Tin, a ziah kum nia a sawi hi awih tur leh tur loh hriat a har.

Thu a saisa leh ta tlat mai a ni. A chhan chu Zikpuii pa hian a thu ziak tawpah hian chiang takin, ‘Aizawl, 1954’ tih a ziak lang kalh a, hnial chi pawh a ni awm lo ve. Chutiang a nih lai chuan C. Lalsiamthanga sawi, ‘Lusei Leh A Vela Hnamdangte Chanchin’ kum 1954-a ziah anga tarlan hi hriatsual palh a ang ta tlat a ni. Lehkhabu Zempui-ah chuan tihian chiang takin he lehkhabu chhuah kum leh chhut zat te a inziak, “Lusei leh a vela hnamdangte chanchin hi lehkhabu chhah pangngai tak, phek 326 lai a ni a, kum 1955 a chhut, copy 2000 a chhuah a ni. Tin, kum 1994 khan copy 1000 a chhuah nawn leh a ni bawk,”¹⁷ tiin. Kum 1954-ah hian a lo ziak tawh pawh chu a ni mai thei a, mahse vawiin thleng hian a lehkhabu-a chhuak chi a nih chuan chhuah (publish) a nih kum hi rin zawk zel a ni a, publish a nih loh chuan rintlak leh pawm a ni ngai lo. A lehkhabu chhungah ngei ngei pawh 1955 a nih thu hi hmuh tur a awm a ni; hetiang hi a nih avangin anni pahnih bikah hi chuan Zikpuii pa hi a hmasa zawkin a lang.

A ṭobul leh hmasa berah hian ngaihdan fumfe tak siam thiam a har fû mai, a chhan pawh eng chinah nge buk lung kan khai tan dawn tihah hian kan ngaihdan a inan leh dawn loh vang a ni. A hmasa lama kan sawi Didakhe leh Zalenna Ram bik khi chu Book Review thu-ah lo inhnial ta se, anni aia hmasa ta ber chu Zikpuii pa hi a ni. Ani hian kum 1954-ah awmze nei takin thu thlitfim hna hi a lo thawk tawh kan ti thei ang. Kristian Tlangau-a kum 1912 daih tawha chhuak Bible, Thuthlung Thar-bua Chanchin |ha an lehlin tharnaah lehlin hmasak chu a ṭhat tawk lohna laiteThuhmahruai-a an dah hi a copy hmuh mai tur a vâng fû mai a, engti anga thutlukna siam tur nge tih pawh hriatthiam a har angreng hle. Chuvangin a tehfung lam zawk aṭanga kan sawifiah mai hi a him ber awm e. Fakselna lam hawi hrim hrim kan ngai pawimawh dawna a thu leh a ziah chhuah dan aṭanga kan teh dawn lo a nih chuan he Kristian Tlangau hi inthlahrung miah lovin a hmasa ber tiin kan sawi thei ang. A lehlam zawngin thlir ve leh thung ila, awmze nei leh thu leh hla hlutna pawh phawk chhuak tizawnga kan teh dawn a nih  chuan, “Milton-a Paradise Lost te, Pope-a Epitles on man te kan chhiar chuan, keini hla chuan kawtchhuah a lo pel lo tih kan hria ang,”¹⁸ tia Comparative criticism lo hmang a, kan hla duhtuina leh hmasawntir tumna lo irh chhuak hi Pu Siamthanga ṭawngkam takin kan palzut thiang hauh lo mai. He lai thua Zikpuii pain “kawtchhuah pel lo” a tih hi eng ber hi nge ni ang(?) tih te,  a pelh si loh chuan kawtchhuah pel a tih pawh chu eng ber chu nge ni ta ang(?) ngaihtuah ngai tak a ni.

“Senhri par iang chhaktiang Bawmzo daiah,

Pualchang hmul ang ka di inthlau a.,”

tih hla a pian a hnu hmanah Pu. Rokunga hla fuh chungchuang, ‘Kan zotlang ram nuam hi Chhawrpial Run i iang e,’ tih hla meuh pawh a chhuah tawh hnua kawtchhuah kan la pel lo a ti hi chhui tham a awm! Chuti a nih chuan kan poet of the century vanglai hla meuh pawhin kawtchhuah a pel zo lo a nih chuan, kawtchhuah pel chu eng chu nge ni ta (?). Tunah hian kan pel tawh ang em? Sawi zui ngai a tam ta hle mai. Aliterary viewpoint aṭanga kan thlir chuan îhe lovin Zikpuii pa hi a tlar hmasa bera ṭhu tura chu a nih hmel ta hle a ni.

            Hmâ a sawn chhoh dan

            A bul ṭantuten an ṭan ṭha lutuk lo pawh a ni mai thei, (hei hi a chhan chu Zikpuii pa ṭha viau mah se Kristian Tlangau kha kan thlau thla vek thiang bik lo a ni). A hminga critical writing kan hmuh hmasak ber hi kum 1912-ah lo pawm ta ila, chu mi hnuah chuan kut benna khawp thawm hriattur a vang ta viau a. A hnu daih kum 42-hnuah, ṭhangkhat lian mai pawh ni lo, ṭhang hnih thum chu an lian hman tawh ang tih hnu-ah Zikpuii pa a lo lang ve ta a. Hei hi thil ropui leh chhinchhiah tlak tak a ni. Ani hi hmahruaitu pawimawh tak a tling. Longinus-an On the Sublime-a thu ziak pawimawhna a sawi, “Anmahni ngei pawhin an hmingthanpuina tham tura thu ziak, a phêk tin han chhiara rilru khawih thei thu ṭha pai, hlimna leh hlawhtlinna kawnga min hruai thei thuziak hi sublimity chu a ni,”¹⁹ a tih kha kan literature-ah hian seng lut ve dawn ta ila Zikpuii pa hi a tlar hmasa luah lum tur zingah a tel theiin ka ring.

            Amah hi thu leh hlaa tui a ni a, mithiam a ni bawk a. A thuziak reng reng hian zir chian an dawl em em zel hi a hlutna chuai mai lo tur a nih ngei a rinawm. Lushai Literature hi a ngaihnawm a, hmanlai Mizo hla a sawina kal zela a sawi chhuah Bernard Saw chuan, “He khawvel van ram maktaduai tluka tivultu chu heng thu mawi chauh hi a ni,”²⁰ tia Shakespear-a sonnet a chhiar aṭanga he thu hi chhâk chhuak a nih thu a sawi hnuah, heti hian hla phuahtu a hmuh dana a ngaihdan a’n zam ve thung a, “Hla phuahtu chuan a hmuh ngai loh leh a ngaihtuah ngai loh chu hla chângah a chan ngai lo. Mi tana phuah a nih pawhin, a phuahsaka rilru dinhmun chu a hriatpui tur a ni.”²¹‘Tur a ni’ tiin a titawp naa thupek anga va ngaih tur chu a ni lem lo ang chu. Tin, kan hriatreng tur chu English literature nen hian kan khaikhin fo ṭhin a, mahse keiniah chuan a sawia ten an sawi a ni mai a, han zawm tumna leh a dik a ni han intihsakna ang chi te, awmze neia kalpui ang chi hi a awm ve ngai meuh lo a tih theih ang. Pu Rokunga thlirna a ziaka mah se poetry a thlir tel thung a, amah mihring ngawr ngawr ngawt a thlir lo va, “Hla hi thu inphuah mar thiam siakna ringawta ngai tan chuan Pu Rokunga hi thui fe thleng chu a paihthlak theih ang,”²² a tih hian thu mawi remkhawm ringawt hi poetry a ni lo tih a sawi a ni. Tihian a chhunzawm leh a, hla phuahtu reng rengin, “Eng thu pawh, eng sawi nan pawh lo hmang se, ngaihtuahnaah thil mawi engemaw min pek theih emaw, suangtuahna thar min pek theih chuan thil pawi lo mai ni lovin, thil duhawm zawkah ka ngai zawk mah,”²³ a ti bawk. Heng a duhtuina a sawi ho hi fakselna huangah a hniam thei lo va, kan thu leh hla tihlutu a ni tih loh rual a ni lo.

            Kan sawi thuak tawh angin Didakhe 1972 kumah a lo chhuak ta a, hetah hian Rev. Beiseia chuan kan sawi tawh angin Book review a rawn ti chho ta a. A review dan kalhmang erawhin duhthu chu a sam chiah lo, tam tak phei chuan review-ah pawh an ngai lo hial maithei e. Mahse Book Review timeuhin a thupui pawh a dah ve thlap a, a chhung thu-te pawh hi a thui lo a ni mai a, review a ni lo han tih ngawt theih tur khawpa kawngbo zawng a ni lo kan tih tawh kha. Didakhe-a review kan hmuh ho-ah hian sawiselna lam thu a awm tlem hle a, mahse awm lo tawp chu a lo ni bik lo. Kum 1972 Oct-Dec issue-a ‘Zawlnei Jona Lehkhabu Hrilhfiahna’ Rev. Lalsawma ziah a review-naah pawh a bu ziah hun a tarlang lo chu ṭha a tih loh thu a ziak tel a ni. Hun a kal leh deuh a, kum 1974-a ‘Lal Isua Chanchin A Len Lai Nite’ tih C. Rokhuma ziah a review na te hi chu pangngai tak a ni tawh a. A ziaktu tana inenfiahna tur thu a sawi tel tawh a ni. A bu hming (title) a sawisel a, a chhung thu nen a inhmu rem zan lo deuha a hriat thu te a sawi a, a bu chhunga thu awmte an dah danah a phek zat chuang tel law law se ṭha dawn hlea a hriatthu a sawi bakah, a chhunga thu awmte (content) leh a bu chhunga thupui awmte a inang lo a awm nual thu te sawiin, chhut nawn leh hunah chuan siamṭhat ni thei se a duh thu a sawi tel nghe nghe a ni. Tlemin kum hnih khat chhung mai pawhin hma kan sawn a tih theih ang, eng vang nge tih zawng a hriat loh na a, fakna leh tihlar tumna ringawt an tih ang chi aṭang kha chuan pen hnih thum vel chuan a rawn tawlh hma ta tih kan hmu a ni.

            William Wordsworth-a khan tihian a lo tih ve bawk kha maw le, “Critic tam tak chuan mi lehkhabu ziak an chhiara eng emaw ziak sual palh emaw, fel tawk lo deuh emaw an hmuh hian an lawm em em ṭhin a; chutiang hmu thei nih chu critic thiamah an ruat tlat ṭhin a ni,”²⁴ tiin. Hei hi thil ṭha ber a nih loh avanga Wordsworth-a pawh hian sawi chhuak a ni a, he hling zum kawng hi zawh lovin a kawng mam zawk an zawh tih kan hre thei a, sawiselna lam a tam loh emaw vang ringawta fakselna huang aṭanga hnawl chu a rem kher lo vang.

            Kum 1979 kuma C. Sangzuala book review te hi chu chhiar nahawm tak a ni tawh a ni. ‘Normal Christian Life’ (Kristian Nun Tluang), Watchman Nee a ziah Upa Lalrongenga lehlin a review-na te hi chu a pangngai tawh em em a ni. Textual Criticism huangah ngaihngam takin he review hi chu a khung ngam tawhin a rinawm. Ani hian ‘Thilmak Sawmsarih’ Rev. Thansiama ziah chu a review bawk a, heng hun laia ani a lo lang ve hi thil ṭha tak, kan thu leh hlaa fakselna rawng rawn hnawihtu pawimawh tak a tling awm e.

            Tichuan Zalenna Ramah kan lut thei tawh ang. Kan sawi tawh angin amah Pu Siamkima hian book review pawh hi 1973 aṭangin a lo ziak ṭan tawh a, kum 1986 a lo thlen meuh chuan a lehkhabua chhuah theih turin Fakselna lam hawi thu leh hla leh, kan hla ngun taka chîkna leh english literature hmanga kan dinhmun te thlir chungin awmze nei leh arkhaw thim dai dawn dawn a, a kawng bo lo deuh sia kan literature-a fakselna kal bai mek chu a rawn siam ṭhain a rawn thawm phui a, hei hian kan thu leh hlaa fakselna huangah chuan a hnûn leh a zâr nih a rawn fawm ta a ni kan tithei ang.

            Introduction-a L. Keivom thuziah te pawh hian hmasawn duhna rilru an pu a, kan la hnufual zia hriain a hrilhfiahna te pawh an la zep zel a, “Literary Criticism hi thu leh hla thûkna, rilna, mawina leh hlutna hai chhuah tuma chîk taka bihna a ni,”²⁵ a rawn ti dap dap a. Literature hi Zalenna ram a ni a, kan duh duh kan sawi thei a, chu zalenna ram chu mihring rilru leh ngaihtuahnaah a awm a ni tih he lehkhabu hian min hrilh a ni. Awmze nei tih hi hlawhtling taka kan hrilhfiah dawn chuan kan thu leh hlaa fakselna hi Pu Siamkima hian mite hmuh theihin kawngpui zau laiah a rawn khalh chhuak kan tithei ang a, kulva thlehhniara chu amah hi a ni tih hnial ngam kan awm kher awm lo ve. Mi pakhat thusawi ka hriat reng ṭhin chu, “Nupui kan han nei a, an felna mai piah lama chawhmeh siam te an han thiam lehzel hi chu thilthlawnpek (gift) a ni tawh a ni,” a ti ṭhin a, chutiang chiah chuan Siamkima Khawlhring hi kan thu leh hlaa fakselna huangah rau rau hi chuan thilthlawnpek a ni tih loh harsa ka ti a ni. Comparative Criticism rawn vawrh lartu leh ngaihnawm taka rawn sep rawtuitu a ni a,“Hrinhniang hrai chawi te i lo piang a,” (Hnuchham Hla) tih Rokunga phuah leh, ‘Khawngai Hnuchham’ tih Vankhama phuah chu rawn khaikhinin chîk takin a bih a, hnuchham hla hmasa pahnih uluk tak maia a lo chîka a lo khaikhin hi a hlu lo ti kan awm kher awm lo ve. Mahse he a ‘Hla pahnih’ tih thu ziak hi ngun taka kan chhiar chuan balancing a khai fuh lo deuh em aw a tih theih. Dr. RL. Thanmawia chuan, “Pu Rokunga hla a hmuh thiam viau laiin, Vankhama hla hi chu a hmu thiam leh lawi si lo,”²⁶ a ti nghe nghe a ni. Eng pawh chu ni se, he hla pahnih khaikhinna hi kan Mizo hlaah chuan khaikhinna hmasa ber a ni thei mai ang em tih zawng ngaihtuah a ngai a ni. Tin, Khawlkungi thawnthu ziah, ‘A tlai lutuk ta’ tih english novel “Tess of d’ Urberville” nena a’n khaikhin te hi kan hritna tizau hrim hrim atan leh khaikhinna lama kan mit tikeutu pawimawh tak a tling a, kan hmahruaitu a nihna zawnah a creditkan pek hi kan tihmakmawh a ni.

            Ani hian fakselna hi kan sawi tawh angin kawngpuiah a rawn khalh chhuak a, kan thu leh hlaah duhtuina kawngthar satin, awmze neia mi thu leh hla zirchianna kawngah a hnûn leh a zâr nih a fawm a ni. Ani hian Hrawva chu BA pass hmasa ber tih ringawt aia kan Mizo nihna huanga pawimawh a nihzia vung takin a sawi a, a hlaphuahte awmze nei taka zirin ‘Father of Mizo Poetry’ nihna a pe a, a pawmtu tam tak an awm a, a hnialtu pawh an awm bawk. A enga pawh chu ni se, ani hian heti hian lo ti ta lo se ‘father’ tia vuah hi mipui pawm theih tur phei chuan kan ching chhuak har viau maithei a ni. A chhan pawh a hnu daihah chauh he a thil tih hian hnial ngamtu a nei ṭawk a, ‘ka pawm lo’ ti ti ve hlawm ṭhin mah se, ramhuai muhil an sawi ang maiin an kaihthawh theih chuang reng reng loh va, an tawlh ve hrut hrut reng hlawm ringawt a, chetchhuah hi kan tum ngam hlawm ṭhin lo va, ani hian hemi kawngah pawh hian min ding ben a, kan harh ta chauh zawk a ni.

            Hetih hunlai hian duhtuina lam thuziak hmuh tur a awm tam ve telh telh bawk a. Thu leh Hla lamah pawh a chhuak ve chamchî ṭan a, a ziaktu lar deuh leh kut hnu ngah deuhte chu (regular taka ziak erawh an awm lem lo); Remkunga te, R. Lalrawna te, Lalzuia Colney (kawlni?) te, Thanpuii Pa te, R. Vanlawma te, C. Lalsiamthanga te, Lalchungnunga te, C. Lalramzauva te an lo lang ṭuam ṭuam a, sawi hmaih te pawh kan nei thei tawh ngei ang, an vai chuan kan tarlang vek lo bawk.

            Literary Debate

            Hei aia thui kan sawi hmain JF. Laldailova chungchang hi kan sawi phawt a ngai awm e. Ani hian kum 1977-ah a ‘Thungaihnawm’ bu-ah bible section dah ṭanin duhtuina thu a chhak chhuak ṭan a. Kum 1978 January aṭangin thlakip chhuakin a buin a chhuah ta a, a man pawh cheng hnih lawih a ni.

            Ani hian language criticism emaw textual criticism lam a khawih ti ta ila dâwt kan sawi em lovang chu. Lehkhabu a chhuah lem lo va, kutchhuak pawh a ngah hran lo. Mahse  a kutchhuak nei tam tamte hi a ṭha leh ril an ni vek lo va, fak tlak an nihna (literary value) pawh a awm chuang lo. |hangthar mit aṭanga thlir chuan J.F-a kha a hun takah feh turin a chhuak a, hlo har tam tak awm mah se a hun takah a bung a ni a tih theih ang. A chhan chu kan mi hmasa zawng zawng khan amah pawhin a sawi angin zosapte ngaihsanna (hlauhna) hri kha an vei a, han sawisel te phei kha chu thiang loah riak an ngai a, a chhang chhia a chhangchhia khan an ṭawng thiam lohna zawng zawngte kha an pawm purh mai a, awmze bo thei hla thute pawh awmzia an neihtir thei ta zel a, an chhan duh ta tlat zel si a. Chutiang huna J.F. Laldailova a lo lang hi thlaler âurâwl chu a ni ngei mai. Zoram Thupuan, Romei, Zawlbuk leh Thu Ngaihnawm Bu-ah kan Mizo Bible leh Kristian hlabu sawiselna hi a tichhuak deuh ber a, an rawn sik rawn ta lui lui mai si a; tichuan Mizo literature-a hriatreng hlawh tawh tur ‘literary debate’ ropui tak chu a lo chhuak ta a ni.

He a thiltih hian thu leh hla mai bakah vantlang nun thlengin a khawih a, ṭhangthar miril Vanneihtluanga pawhin,”Pastor malsawm bânphar phâk piah lama zu hmun thlenga Mizo Bible min keutirtu chu eng dang ni lovin J.F. Laldailova fakselna bute kha an ni,”²⁷ a lo tithlawt a ni.  Mizo ṭawng humhimna leh hla phuah ulukna lam lian sialin a hun a hmang zo va, hawtu lah chu a ngah em em a. Thu leh hla khawvelah khan khaukhuap mai mai chawa a rin chang a tam awm asin! Zosapthara thlavang hauh duh luatna avang a, “In J.F. Laldailov’na hetianga Zosapthara a rawn sawisel ngam hi chu a zu no dawm lai lungpuam hnathawh a ni ngei ang,”²⁸  a’n han ti te kha chu kan lo piang ve hman lo hi an vannei ngawt mai! Pakhat chhan an tum lutukna lamah lehlam an bei na leh lutuk a, mimal thleng thlenga an bei zel duh hian an ngam lo a ni zawk lo maw (?) tih rin dan min neihtir daih zawk a ni. Hei hian hetih hunlaia kan dinhmun a sawi chiang viau a, kan la puitlin tawk lohzia leh balancing kan khai thiam lohzia a tarlang a ni.

J.F. Laldailova dinhmun

Kum zahnih kal ta velah khan John Keats-a la dam laiin a hla pakhat, Endymionchu Blackwood magazine leh Quarterly review-ten deuhsawh takin an sawi chhe vel a. Chu chuan John Keats-a rilru pawh a tina viau va; a hriselna pawhin a tlak hniam phah niin mi ṭhenkhat chuan an sawi nghe nghe a.  Mahse mahni inrintawkna nei John Keats-a chuan a ṭhianpa, Georgian-a hnenah, “Ka thih hnuah chuan English poet zingah chhiar tel ve ka nih tho ka inring a ni,” a la ti fan a²⁹.  Kum 26 mi lek niin a thi ta mai nain English poet zingah chuan chhiar tel chu a ni na meuh mai; keini, India Hmarchhak kil tawpa awmte pawhin a hlate leh a hming hi kan lo hre ve hial a nih hi.

            A hun laiin beih rawn tawkin lamṭang nei lo mah se, khaw lo la wm tur a thlir tlat avangin nghet takin a ding reng a, ṭhangtharten thiam an la chantir dawna a rin tlat avangin a hnungtawlh duh lova, a ṭanna chu a dik tih a hriat tlat avangin a tuar mai a ni. “Mahse kei hi chuan tuna college kal mek chin ṭhangthar chhuante chauh hi a nia lamṭanga ka hauh ngam..,”³⁰ a’n ti te hian a ṭhahnemngaih ve  na leh a rilru chu a puang chiang ngawt mai. |hangthar a tih te hi tun huna cheng te hi kan ni thei tawhin a rinawm a, a thlavang hauhtu a nei har lu deuh hrat a ni! Socrates-a pawh khan dik nia a hriat avangin a ngaihdan a thlak duh lova, a nunna hial a lo hlan tawh a nih kha. Plato-a’n a amah thlahna hnuhnung a ziahah chuan, “Hei hi kan ṭhianpa, mi puitling, a hun laia midang zawng zawng aia ṭha, fing leh dik ber tawpna chu a ni,”³¹ a ti a, he thu hi J.F-a pawh hian a phû ve a ni ti ila mi tam tak chuan an pawm thei maiin ka ring. Pawm lo pawh an awm ṭeuh tho turah ngai ve thung ila.

            Heti taka ziah hi tam tak chuan ho an ti mai thei, mahse ani hian heti hian lo ti ta lo se la, kan thu leh hla, kan Mizo bible, kan kristian hlabu thleng hian, vawiina an nihna leh dinhmun hi an hauh pha kher lo mai thei a ni. Thil a chîk em em a, a en liam ve mai lo va, a dik a hre bawk a, colonialism tan in-ah a tâng ve lo va, zalen takin a duh chu a sawi mai a, post-colonial criticism bul a ṭan daih tawh a lo ni! |hangthar ziakmi zinga lar ber pawl Mafaa chuan, “Fakselna (criticism) lama hmahruaitu ropui, critic chhuanawm chungchuang,”³² tiin a fak hial a ni.

Hmâ a sawn chho zel

            Chipchiar tak chuan kan zu chhui vek hman lo va. Hemi hnu-ah hian hming lang tham leh langsar han thur chhuah mai tur a mimal phei chuan an vang leh ta deuh a. Thu leh Hla leh chanchinbu dangah erawh chuan fakselna lam hawi thuziak hrang hrang a chhuak chho ve reng a, book review pawhin hma a sawn chho ve hret hret zel a. A ziah dan tur kalhmang lam inhrilhfiahna te hmuh tur a awm zauh zauh bawk a, eng vanga thu leh hla hi zulh tur nge kan nih(?) tih C. Lalsiamthanga ziak te pawh hi hmasawnna kailawn dawh san pakhat chu a tling thei ang. Kum 1991 chho vel aṭang hi chuan kan Mizo thu leh hla bika fakselna pawhin par a chhuang ve ta takzet a tih theih ang. Pu Siamkima te hun lai kha chuan mi pahnih thum bâk han tui leh awmze neia han tipeih an tam lova, an hlutna pawh a hniam deuh a ni. Heng hun laia ziaktu lar deuhte chu B. Lalthangliana te, Dr. R.L. Thanmawia te, B. Lalthangliana te, Lalsangzuali Sailo, Prof. Laltluangliana Khiangte te,  Darchuailova Renthlei, C. Lalsiamthanga leh R. Lalṭhazuala-te hi an ni awm e. Tichuan L.Keivom te pawh an lo lang thei tawh ang chu, H. Lalrinfela (Mafaa) nen.

            Lalsangzuali Sailo hian hla chungchangah thu a ziak nual a. Dr. Laltluangliana Khiangte hi drama lamah a kal thui leh deuh a. Tun hnu-ah poetry hrilhfiahna (definition) lam a rawn buaipui leh ta viau a, lehkhabu bihchianna lam pawh a tinual bawk. A kutchhuak hi a hranpa a thui ve angreng tak ziah theih a awm ngei ang.

            Poetry zir dan thar tia rawtna neiin poetry chu chhamhla tih a, hymn songchu Pathian hla tih a, hla dang phuahtu ho chu song writer tih a rawt a, hei hi poetry thlir dan thar a ni a, lamṭang a nei tam rih vak lo va, kan thu leh hlaa fakselna huangah chuan a pawimawh thei viau awm e. Ani hi chuan ‘tur a ni’ tih lam hi a awn ṭhin deuh em aw a tih theih.

          Darchuailova Renthlei hi heti lama vawiin thlenga mi langsar kan neih a ni a. Vankhama leh a Hlate tih a ziak tawh a, ngun takin thil a thlir a, fîm taka ngaihtuahin thutlukna a siam ṭhin. Ani hian tun hnai mai 2009 khan ‘Tlâng Thawveng’ tih lehkhabu a chhuah leh nghe nghe a, criticism lam hawi thu a awm leh nual a ni.

            H. Lalrinfela hi lo sawi ve leh thung ila. Ani hi book review pawh, “Hriam deuh hleka kan kalpui hi a hun tawh a ni,” titu a ni a, a kutchhuakte hian belhchian an dawl thei hle. Kum 1997-ah Chawlhna Tuikam tih lehkhabu a chhuah a, hetah hian fakselna (criticism) lam hawi hmuh tur a awm nual a, hla phuah dan chi hrang hrang a taka lantirin a dah hlawm bawk. A thu rawn ziah zinga beng verh tak pakhat chu Siamkima’n duh taka maia Father of Mizo Poetry nihna Hrawva a lo pek tawh a rawn hnial hi a ni. Siamkima’n, “Mizo hla thu hmanga poetry tak tak ziak hmasa bertu leh a kawngsâttu ‘Father of Mizo Poetry’ a ni e,” a lo tih chu rawn hnialin. “Ka hmuh ve dan chuan Hrawva khan pi pute hla phuah dan hmang kha pen hnih khat bakin a kal pel lo va…,” rawn ti chhovin, “Hrawva khan Mizo Poetry ramthar pawhna turin kawng eng emaw chen zawng a lo bawh êng tawh a ni thei. Mahse, a hmunhma va pawh hmasa ber tu leh khawthar min kaipuitu tak tak chu Biakliana hi a ni lo thei lovang,” a tizui bawk. Tichuan tihian a tlip ta a, “Mizo Poetry-ah chuan Hrawva kha chu ’Thlaler au aw’ a ni a, Biakliana erawh chu kan beisei leh kan nghahfâk ‘Hriakthiha’ chu a ni, ‘Father of Mizo Poetry’ tangkapui hi, English Literature-a Geoffrey Chaucer (ca.1340 – ca.1400) hmun luah ang chiah Mizo Literature-a luahtu Pi Hmuaki hnenah kan hlan dawn lo a nih rau rau chuan, L. Biakliana aia han dawng awm dang, tunah rih chuan ka hre mai hauh lo mai,”³³ a ti a ni.  A tu zawk hian nge parṭhi chu awrh ang tih hi chuti maia chhan awlsam zawng a nih a rinawm lo a ni. Tin, ani hian lehkhabu bihchianna te pawh a nei a, Zikpuii pa khan blank verse hi a lo hre chiang chiah lo a ni ang e tih tur lam hawi thu te pawh a chhâk chhuak a, kan thu leh hla hi a lo pangngai leh thei ta a ni.

Tuna kan dinhmun

            Kum zabi sawmhnih pakhatna kan chuan kai hnu hian kan thu leh hla huanga poetry te, novel te, drama te pawh anmahni kawng ṭheuhva an ṭhan laiin fakselna erawh hi chu a ṭhang ve bek bek lek chauh a ni a tih theih ang, a ṭhan hi a ṭhu deuh e lo maw chu aw a tih theih hial awm e. Mafaa te lah chuan short story lam an lo buaipui leh daih tawh a, kan ziakmi lar deuhte ho lah hian fakselna lam hi an hawi meuh bawk si lo. A har an tih vang nge an peih loh hrim hrim vang tih pawh hriat va ni suh.

            |hangthar zingah hian mi tlemte chuan heti lam hi thlahthlam lovin an vuan ve ṭang ṭang a, Lunglei lamah |huamtea Khawlhring a awm bawk a, ani hi, poetry hi Mizo ṭawng ngeiin blank verse ringawt lo deuh metered verse-a kan phuah ve a ngai a ni titu leh kan thei a ni ti tlattu a ni a, a duhtuina hi ṭhanglian zel se a duhawm hle mai.

Kan nihna ṭhenkhat

            Book Review hi hmâ chu kan sawn tawh viauin a lang, tûn hma kha chuan a lehkhabu thlir ringawt kha an duh tawk ta ṭhin lova, a piece of work mai piah lamah a mimal thleng thlenga han hmer tel te an lo nei leh zauh ṭhin a. Peter Lianhleia’n thawnthu (Novel) ngaihnawm tak leh lar em em, tunhnu thlenga a chhiartuten an la ṭahpui ṭhin, James Dokhuma ziah ‘Thla hleinga zan’  chu a bih chiang a.  A thuhlawm (paragraph) hnihna tirah a lehkhabu hlutna pahnih a ziak a, hei bak chu sawi mawina dang pakhatmah a awm tawh lo.  A hlutna pahnih chauh a ziah chhun pawh chu ‘chhût chian dawl lo’ a la ni zui.

A thuhlawm tawp berah phei chuan a lehkhabu sawisel chauh pawh duh tawk mai lovin a ziaktupa chu na takin a deng zui a, hetiangin :

“A tawp berah chuan James Dokhuma hian kaihhruaina a ngai rih tih a lang a.  |awngkam leh thumal hrang tam tak a hman te, kan Mizo nun, pi leh pu hmasang titi leh thawnthu a hriatte hi ṭangkai taka hman dan chu a awm ngei ang.  Zirna nei sang vak lo thawnthu ziak hmasak berah chuan iaiawm tak chu a ni lova, mahse College-a Mizo ṭawng leh literature zirna sang ber B.A. zir atan em chuan a iaiawm lo thei lo; a thlak thuaitu tur a aia tha neih thuai a duhawm deuh a ni.”34 tiin.

Hei hi Lalzuia Colney chuan a lo chhiarin, “Pu James Dokhuma, a mimal nihna a umzui thui deuh tih lohvah chuan……. Pu Lianhleia’n a sawi hi awm ka ti ve nual a.  Mahse college zir atan hian iaiawm se, iaiawm lo chu khawiah nge?  Pu Lianhleia hian a book review hi rawn bei ṭha leh sela ka duh ngawt mai,”³⁵ tiin James Dokhuma thlavang a rawn hauh va. 

Mahse, Peter Lianhleia den dan hi a na khawl khawl bawk a ni, James Dokhuma lâi nâ chu a dam thei chuang lo, heti hian a chhan letna chu Thu leh Hla, thlakip chhuak chanchinbu, Sept. ’79-ah a ziak ve a, “Manilomaha ka lo insita ka zir san loh avanga lo zak rilru ngawih ngawih ṭhin, khatia kan mi thiam berte zinga miin min han vuak takah phei kha chuan keini ang rual tan chuan mahni thiam ang tawk tawka a dang ziak leh tur pawhin min tiphur (encourage) lo hle mai…………..Mizo zingah hian ziaktu dang an awm loh thuah mi thiam zawkte cho chhuah nan ka’n ziak ve chauh a ni a.  Mahse cho chhuah a hnekin kan mi thiamte hlei hlei chuan min lo ngainep ta si em ni? tih tura ṭawngkam an han neih zauh phei hi chuan keini ang rual zawngin tih leh ngam chi a ni lo vang,”³⁶ a ti hial a.  “Hetiang a nih dawn chuan tumahin ka lehkhabu hi review tawh suh se,”³⁷ a ti zui hial niin an sawi.  He lehkhabu bihchiannain a rah chhuah hi a ṭha lo hle mai. Balancing kan khai thiam lo lutuk a, mi rilru kan hliam ṭhin hi a pawi a, a ṭha zawk beiseina leh inkawhhmuhna hi critic ṭha tihtur a ni tih hre reng chunga mimal beih vak loh hi kan chin a ngai a ni. He tih vang hi a ni mai thei asin, kan mithiam ṭhenkhat phei chu an mangang a, lehkhabu bihchianna-ah pawh hian keini-ah chuan fakna lam hi tam zawk rawh se an lo tih hmanhmawh ni.

            Hetiang hi hmuh tur a awm leh zauh ṭhin a, a lutuk ṭhin viau lehnghal. Zikpuii Pa meuh pawhin R. Lalṭhazuala’n ‘Nunna Kawng Ṭhuampuiah’ a review chu a chhang ve tlat bawk, he a thuziak hrim hrim hi chu thu ṭha tak zawng a ni ngei mai a, mahse ani lehzelin a chhâng a, a chhannaa R. Lalṭhazuala hming a lam ri zing lutuk te pawh hi kan la zau tawk lohzia lantirna ṭha tak a tling awm e. He a chhanna thu erawh hi chu critic nih tum leh, book review tih tum zawng zawngte chuan chhiar vek thei se a ṭha ngawt ang. A lehlamah chuan he thuziak hian kan la hnufual zia leh kan book review te pawh a literary value a la hniam zia min hrilh thung a ni.

            A inkah pah deuh hlekin kan han sawi ta a, han inchhân zeuh zeuh leh a mimal deuh pawha han inhmer tel hi chu a lo mikhual bik lem lo a ni.

Vawiin hun

            Tunlai hunah lut tawh ila. Tunlai hian print media lamah kan ṭhang nasa a, weekly magazine hrang hrangte an tam ta a, kan thu leh hla hrim hrimin hmâ a sawn dan hi a duhawm hle. Book Review pawh kan uar chho viau a, a piece hrim hrim phei chu hmuh tur a tam ṭhin viau a, mahse eng ang dinhmunah nge heng kan thuziakte hi an din tih erawh kan chhût ngun fo a ṭha ang. A zir ve lem lo leh mahni tui tuia tui, review lo ziak ve ṭhin an awm a, heng mite hi an fakawm em em a ni. |henkhat chuan a zir ve lo an nih vang maia lo sawisel ching kan awm leh ṭhin a, an thuziaka kha lo chîksak a, kawng kawhhmuh hi kan tihtur zawk a ni tih kan hriatreng a ṭha khawp mai.

            Tunlai huna mimal hming langsar deuh awm thei hi an tam lem lo khawpin ka hria. A langsar deuh ber nia ka hriat chu C. Lalawmpuia Vanchiau hi a ni. Ani hian english literature background neiin, MA English a ni a, a thuziak hi belhchian a dawl a, critic kan tih ngam tur a niin ka hria. Ani hian awmze nei takin kan hun tawn mekah hian fakselna huang hi a rawn tuaihnûm a, a lo hnim tawh deuh lai te chu a pawtfai a, thlai awmte pawh tui pein a duat thar leh kan tithei ang. A chhan chu duhtuina thu lenglam awmze nei tak ṭhangthar zing aṭang hian a chhuak meuh lo tihtur khawpin ziakmite heti lamah an kut a chawl a, C. Lalsiamthanga lah Champhai lamah a awm daih bawk si, fakselna hian khawhar lunglen chang a ngah a ni.

            Poetry-a inhnialna kan neih laih laih hun a ni a, a dik zawk chu a la ding chhuak mai ang tiin kan thu kan tlip leh ngawt ṭhin a. A zirtir danah pawh hranghlui leh ṭhangtharte ngaihdan a inang lo ṭan mêk bawk. Awmze nei tak leh a literary value phawk chhuaka hringnun tarlang tura a thu ken lam sawi uar a, a nihna dik tak lantir ṭul ti ṭhangthar zingah kan awm ṭan a, chutih laiin a textual explanation-a la lungawi tawk, a phuahtu leh a phuah chhan ringawta zirlaite literature-a chhum hmin tum an la awm ve mêk bawk. Kan fakselna kum tam tak a lo nih ve hnuah hian hun inthlak danglam (transition period) hi kan thleng ve ṭan mek a ni thei mai ang em(?) tih hi zawhna awm ṭan mêk chu a ni ngei mai. Hetih hun lai, critic ṭha tak kan mamawh laia Mizo literature tuipui em em C. Lalawmpuia Vanchiau-te ang kan nei hi kan vanneihna hi a vannei ngawt mai.

            Ani hian tunlai huna kan fakselna ai hi a awh zo kher lo mai thei a, mahse regular deuh taka review ziak peih leh ziak thei kan neih chu amah mai hi a ni awm mang e. Ani hian poetry chu hla thlûk nei lo hi a ni tih vawrh lar kan tum mek laiin tihian ngaihdan a rawn nei ve thung a, “Poetry leh hla thlûk nei pawt ṭhen a, “chhamhla/hlahril” vulh len tuma hmâ kan lak mek lai hian, poetry hrim hrim kan hrilhfiah (duh) dan hi kan ennawn tel a ṭul khawp mai,”³⁸ tiin fimkhurna thang a rawn kam ta kalh mai a ni. Kan thlir dan chu a zim deuhin a hria a, hâk kan zauh deuh tawh a ṭul a ti viau mai, “Romanticism huang aṭanga kan poetry hrilhfiah dan hian bithliah chin a neih avangin, hâk zauh (decentralise) deuh chu a hun tawh hle,”³⁹a rawn ti khawl khawl bawk a, pehhel lem lovin a ruhlang rawt rawtin a rawn chuk chat chat mai a, lo helh tawk pawh kan awm mai thei e, mahse hei hi post modern era a ni tih erawh kan hriat tel ve reng a ṭha ang.

            Kan dinhmun swifiah a ngaih avangin han chhuizui leh lawk ila. A duhtuina tihian a la chham zui zel a, “Thuhlaril vêkin, ‘Chhamhla phuah nan hian thingtlanga ṭawng ziding (origin) ngei…..hi hman tur a ni,’ tih hi vuiliam a hun ta,“⁴⁰ a ti bawk. Ani hi chuan poetry chu a ziaktu duh danin kal mai se a duh a, lo inhrilhfiahsak vak vak chu ṭul a ti ber lo, “Creative writing leh zela language construction lo intuk hi kan ti leh lutuk deuh chu a ni, a suangtuah chhuaktu post-modern huna khawsa mek duh danin kal mai rawh se,”⁴¹ a ti leh bawk. Kan mithiam ṭhenkhat chuan a zau lutuk an lo ti ve mai thei bawk e. Thu pawimawh deuh ziah tel a neih chu, “Zoṭawnga ‘hla’ leh Sapṭawnga poetry/poem dah hran kan duhna chhan hi ‘kan mi thiam leh hranghlui’-te ngaihdan ṭhiahsak ṭul kan tihna hi a bulpui ber ni lo se,”⁴² a ti hi a tihpalh pawh ni se kut ka ben duhna lai a ni. “Poetry chu poetry ni mai rawh se”⁴³ tih hi a duh dan a ni. Hla leh poetry hi thliar hran a harsa a tih vang a ni ber mai. “Zikpuii pa a ṭawngvai em ni(?)” a rawn tingam te hiṭhangthar mihuai tih mai awl a ni.

            Mi tam tak kutchhuak kan chîkin kan enzui hman lo va, amaherawhchu hemi aṭang mai pawh hian kan sûkthlêk eng emaw chen chu a hmuh theih tho turah ka ngai. A lehlamah thung chuan kan book review ṭhenkhat erawh fimkhur ngai a la awm tho mai. ‘Hlau leh khur chunga Sakei Ngho Seh thlirna’ ziak te kan la awm tlat a! Mafaa ṭawngkam han hawh ila, Siamkima ‘Zalenna Ram leh’ Spanish-ho ‘Eldorado’ te, George Orwell-a Sugar Candy Mountain-te kha a ngaihawm takzet a ni.

            William Wordsworth-a chuan, “Hla phuahna ṭawngkam leh thutluang pangngai ziahna ṭawngkam a awm hran lo va, awm hran thei pawh a ni na hek lo,”⁴⁴ a ti a. Hetih  lai hian a ṭhianpa, critic ropui tak Samuel Taylor Coleridge-a ve thung chuan,“Hla phuahna ṭawngkam hi a awm ngei a, awm hrang ngei tur pawh a ni,”⁴⁵ a lo ti ve thung a. Chutiang chu hnampui kan tiha critic ropui ṭhenkhat ngaihdan a ni ve tho va, kan ngaihdan leh kan hmuh dan lo inang lo te hian literature hi a lo tiropui zawk a lo ni.

Khaikhawmna

            Kim chang lo leh hmaih tam tak nei chungin Mizo Thuhlarila fakselna rawn inṭan dan leh hmâ a sawn chhoh dan chu ka’n han sawi thuak thuak a. Fakselna hi a ṭha zawk leh tih dan thar duhawm zawk beiseina avanga lo awm a ni a, kan bul ṭanna pawh a ṭha zawk duhna vang a ni kan ti lo thei lo vang. Rev. Beiseia’n book review a lo tih ve zawng zawngte pawh kha hnawl ngawt tur khawpin thuneihna kan nei chuang lo. Roland Barthes-a’n death of the author chungchang a sawinaa a sawi tel pakhat chu, “Classic Criticism chuan a chhiartute a ngaichâng ngai lo va, a ziaktu (writer) chauh hi literature emaw an ti ṭhin a ni,”⁴⁶ tih thu hi a ni. Anni classic dan ai chuan kanclassic review piece chu a sang zawk a ni mai lo maw(?). A chhiartute tan eng lehkhabu nge ni a, eng ang nge inziak tih a kawhhmuh a, reader a lo ngai pawimawh hmasa tlat hi a chhinchhiah tlak ve hle a ni.

            Hun a lo kal leh deuh a, Zikpuii Pa a lo lang ve leh a, Pastor Vanchhunga te, J.F. Laldailova te, Siamkima Khawlhring te’n an rawn zui a. Kan thuhlarila fakselna chuan kawng hmang awmze neiin criticism kawngpui chu a rawn zawh ve ta kan tithei ang. Anni hnuah hian B. Lalthangliana te, L. Keivom te, C. Lalsiamthanga te, R.L. Thanmawia te (ani hi a kutchhuak kan thlir tel ve hman lo), te rawn lang ve lehin, H. Lalrinfela (Mafaa) te leh Darchuailova Renthlei ten an rawn zui leh a. Fakselna chu ngaihnawm tham takin anni ho hian an lo khalh chhuak chho chhunzawm zel a ni a tih theih awm e.

Ṭhuamtea Khawlhring a rawn lang ve leh a, Prof. Laltluangliana Khiangte-in a rawn thawh ve nual bawk a, tin, kan sawi hmasak tak ho khi an kut a chawl mai chuang lo va, an chhunzawm reng bawk a. Poetry leh Novel lam ṭhang thur thur ang chu ni pha chiah lo mah se, a meichher hi a mit ngai lo a tih theih awm e. Chanchinbu hrang hrangah mi chi hrang hrangin book review an ziak ve reng bawk a,  tichuan kan vawiin hun hi kan thleng ta a tih theih ang. Chutah chuan C. Lalawmpuia Vanchiau kha kan sawi tawh ang khan a hming langsar deuh ber a ni rih a, Darchuailova Renthleiin kutchhuak thar a la rawn nei thei deuh reng bawk a. C. Lalsiamthanga pawh hi kan ral ban mai thei bik hauh lo vang. Tichuan tun hnai maia lehkhabu tichhuak Dr. K.C. Vannghaka te pawh he huangah hian an khalh luh ngam ve tawh awm e.

Tlangkawmna

            Aw le, fakselna hi literature ṭha nei tura thawhhlawk ber leh ṭangkai ber a ni a. A tir lam deuhah hmang thiam lutuk lovin Peter Lianhleia ten mimal inbeihna rawngkai te rawn thai lang mah se hma kan sawn ve hret hret zel a, hetia a kal chhoh bek bek chhung zawng hian kan thu leh hlaah hian ngaihdan inang lo hi a awm ve reng bawk a. A bikin Poetry chungchang phei chu thutlûkna mumal kan la siam thei ta rih lo a nih hi. Tin, J.F. Laldailova’n literary debate pui angreng tak a chhawp chhuak hian kan fakselna huan hi mawi takin a partir a tih theih ang. Language criticism mah ni se, a hnua nghawng a neihte (bible lehlinah leh hla siamthatah) en hian kan ṭangkaipui tih loh theih a ni lo. Tin, Zikpuii Pa te meuhin an han chhang khancriticism piece ṭha tak a rawn siam zel bawk a, hei hi thil ṭha tak a ni.

Death of the author-te kan sawi rik ve tak hnu hi chuan kan fakselna thuziakte pawhin a mimal taka inbeihna ang kha chu an bansan ve mek zelin a lang a, impressionistic criticism leh sociological lamah chuan rual kan pawl ve phâk tawhin a rinawm a, comparative-ah chuan Siamkima hnu-ah hian amah han hnaih phâk deuh hi kan vang ta pharh in a lang. Mahse, comparative tiṭhin kan nei lo tihna erawh a ni lo, a khaipa ber han tluk pha hi an la awm lo awm mang e kan ti deuh chauh a ni. Hetah pawh hian kan hniam lem lo khawpin a lang. Tunah tak hi chuan romanticism huang pelh duh kan mithiam zingah an awm ṭan mêk niin a lang a, ‘tur a ni’ tih dan paih thlaa post modernism kalpui duhna a lian ṭan a. Zikpuii Pa te pawh an rawn hnial ṭan a, ‘poetry chu poetry ni mai rawh se’ an rawn tiṭan mek a. Kum zabi sawmhnih pakhatnaah hian transitional period-ah kan awm mek niin a lang. Book Reviewchungchangah pawh huaisen deuh taka ngaihdan sawi duhna rilru a lian ṭan a, fakna ngawr ngawr hi chu a famkim lo kan tiṭan mêk bawk a ni. Mahse hetia kan tih hian sawisel tur kan tihna erawh a ni vek bik chuang lo tih kan hriat tel a ṭha ang. ‘Death of the author’ hi ziakmi ṭhangtharte thinlungah thlipui ang maiin a tleh ṭan mêk niin a lang bawk. A ziaktu aia a thuziak ngaihpawimawhna a lian chho ṭan mêk a, a ziaktu (author) dah pawimawh zawk leh a thuziak (piece) dah pawimawh zawkte ngaihdan hi a la insual chho dawn chauhin a rinawm. Chu tak chu a ni nichina transitional period kan tihna chhan kha. Mithiam an pung ve zel a, chuvangin a tui ringawt piah lama a zirmi te kan lo pun tak bawk avang hian kan thu leh hlaa fakselna hian a ṭha zawngin hmâ a sawn chho zel turah i ngai phawt teh ang.

End Notes:

1.      Dr. R.L. Thanmawia, Class Lecture. Dt.26^th July 2010.

2.      Literature Kawngpui, p.341.

3.      Ibid.

4.      Lalhlimpuii Assignment Paper, p.2.

5.      Zalenna Ram, p.168.

6.      Ibid.

7.      Didakhe, Jan-March 1972, p.14.

8.      Ibid.

9.      Ibid.

10.  C. Lalsiamthanga, ‘Literary Criticism,’ Thu leh Hla, July 1993, p.25.

11.  Ibid.

12.  Ibid.

13.  Ibid.

14.  Ibid.

15.  Ibid.

16.  Ibid.

17.  Lehkhabu Zempui, p.634.

18.  Zikpuii Pa Hnuhma, p.134.

19.  Literature Kawngpui, p.344.

20.  Zikpuii Pa Hnuhma, p.134.

21.  Ibid.

22.  Ibid.

23.  Ibid.

24.  K.C. Vannghaka, ‘Book review Chungchang,’ Meichher, Oct.2008.

25.  Zalenna Ram, Introduction, p.14.

26.  Dr. R.L. Thanmawia, Class Lecture. Dt.10^th Aug. 2010.

27.  German Râl Run leh Thungaihnawm Dangte, p.19.

28.  Bible Thlirna, p.9.

29.  K.C. Vannghaka, ‘Book review Chungchang,’ Meichher, Oct.2008.

30.  Bible Thlirna, p.27.

31.  Khawvel Miropuite Chanchin, p.18.

32.  German Râl Run leh Thungaihnawm Dangte, p.19.

33.  Chawlhna Tuikam, p.197-198.

34.  Mizo Thuziak Thlanchhuahte, p.105.

35.  Zalenna Ram, p.167.

36.  Ibid.

37.  Lalhlimpuii Assignment Paper, p.5.

38.  C. Lalawmpuia Vanchiau, ‘Poetry leh hla: A lanna tlang dang aṭangin’ Seminar paper, p.5.

39.  Ibid.

40.  Ibid.

41.  Ibid.

42.  Ibid.

43.  C. Lalawmpuia Vanchiau, ‘Poetry chu Poetry ni mai rawh se,’ Sabereka Khuangkaih, Jan-Feb, 2010, p.50.

44.  Tlang Thawveng, Thuhmahruai, p.viii.

45.  Id.

46.  Roland Barthes, ‘Death of the Author,’ Modern Criticism & Theory, p.150.

LEHKHABU RAWNTE:

1.      College Text Book (Mizo) Editorial Board Publications, THUHLARIL, 1995.

2.      Khawlhring, Ṭhuamtea, ZOTHLIFIM, LTL Publications, 2001.

3.      Khiangte Laltluangliana, MIZO LEHKHABU ZEMPUI, Gilzom Offset, 2005.

4.      Khiangte, Laltluangliana, MIZO THUZIAK THLANCHHUAHTE, Felfîm Computer, 2001

5.      Khiangte, Laltluangliana, ZALENPAR, Felfîm Computer, 2003.

6.      Laldailova J.F. BIBLE THLIRNA, Gilzom Offset, 2003.

7.      Lalrinfela, H, CHAWLHNA TUIKAM, Gilzom Offset, 2002.

8.      Lodge David with Wood Nigel, MODERN CRITICISM AND THEORY, 2^ndEdition, First Indian Reprint, 2003.

9.      Lalrinfela, H, J.F. LALDAILOVA GERMAN RÂL RUN LEH THU NGAIHNAWM DANGTE, Zolife Publications, 2010.

10.  Lalthangliana B. KA LUNGKHAM, RTM Press, Second Edition, 1999.

11.  Malsawmdawngliana, KHAWVEL MIROPUITE, The Synod Press, 2007.

12.  MCL Publications, ZIKPUII PA HNUHMA, 2000.

13.  Renthlei Darchuailova, TLANG THAWVENG, Gilzom Offset, 2009.

14.  Siamkima, ZALENNA RAM, Gilzom Offset, 2002.

15.  Thanmawia, R.L. LUNG MIN LENTU, Gilzom Offset, 2006.

16.  Vannghaka K.C. LITERATURE KAWNGPUI, Gilzom Offset, 2010.

CHANCHINB :

1.         MEICHHER, Thlakip chhuak, Adult Education, Aizawl.

2.         THU LEH HLA, Thlakip chhuak, Mizo Academy of Letters.

3.         DIDAKHE, Thla thum dana chhuak, Faculty of Aizawl Theological

College.

4.         SABEREKA KHUANGKAIH, Thlakip chhuak.

5.         ZOLIFE, Thlakip chhuak.